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Freud suggested that all our behavior is motivated by the desire to feel pleasure. That motivation is organized and directed by two instincts: sexuality (Eros), and aggression (Thanatos). Freud conceptualized both these instincts as being powered by a form of internal psychic energy that he called libido. |
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Freud thought that the instincts were fulfilled by the actions of three psychic structures. The first of these is the id, which is the only structure present at birth, and which initially contains all the libido. Very soon after birth, part of the id differentiates into the ego whose function it is to translate the id's internal wishes (experienced in the form of images) into contact with actual objects. This is the secondary process. |
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The final structure to develop is the superego, which is the internal representation of the parents' values. It consists of two parts - the conscience, which representes the internalized 'don'ts', and the ego ideal, which contains the internalized 'do's'. Like the ego, the superego operates partly in the conscious part of the mind, and partly in the unconscious. |
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Freud argued that personality development involves five stages. In each of the first three, the erogenous zone that is the primary source of the child's sexual and aggressive pleasure differs. In the oral stage, that zone is the mouth. Early in the oral stage, gratification comes from sucking and swallowing (oral incorporation). Late in the stage, gratification comes from biting and chewing (oral aggression). |